Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2014  |  Volume : 8  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 57-63

The efficacy of fiberoptic bronchoscopy through laryngeal mask airway in pediatric foreign body extraction


Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Date of Submission13-Mar-2014
Date of Acceptance01-Apr-2014
Date of Web Publication22-Jul-2014

Correspondence Address:
Ashraf Madkour
MD, FCCP, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 1, Sabri Abu Alam St., Bab el-Louk, 11111 Cairo
Egypt
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/1687-8426.137354

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Background The use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) through laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children allows the use of an adult-size bronchoscope with its grasping tools; thus, it may aid in foreign body (FB) extraction.
Aim We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of FOB through LMA in pediatric FB extraction.
Patients and methods We prospectively recruited all children (≤16 years) who presented to or were referred to the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ain Shams University Hospital, with a clinical suspicion of FB inhalation between June 2012 and June 2013. All the patients were subjected to FOB through LMA under general anesthesia. Rigid bronchoscopy (RB) was available to extract any FB that could not be removed.
Results Of the 49 children suspected to have FBs, 41 FBs were identified in 28 boys and 13 girls, mean age 5.9 years (9 months to 16 years). FBs were more often lodged in the right side than in the left one (48 vs. 38%) and with predominance of organic FBs (75.6%), mainly seeds (60.9%). Successful extraction by the current technique was achieved in 34 of 41 (82.9%) FBs identified. Extraction of six of seven FBs that could not be removed was successful with the use of RB and open thoracotomy was required in one case. Noncritical complications related to FOB through LMA included laryngeal edema, transient hypoxia, gastric distension, mild hemoptysis, and fever, which occurred in five, five, four, three, and two patients, respectively. One critical complication (stridor) occurred that was related to RB.
Conclusion In conclusion, FOB through LMA is safe and effective in pediatric FB retrieval under general anesthesia with RB backup.

Keywords: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy; laryngeal mask airway, pediatric foreign body inhalation


How to cite this article:
Madkour A, Elmansoury A, Sharkawy S. The efficacy of fiberoptic bronchoscopy through laryngeal mask airway in pediatric foreign body extraction. Egypt J Bronchol 2014;8:57-63

How to cite this URL:
Madkour A, Elmansoury A, Sharkawy S. The efficacy of fiberoptic bronchoscopy through laryngeal mask airway in pediatric foreign body extraction. Egypt J Bronchol [serial online] 2014 [cited 2024 Mar 29];8:57-63. Available from: http://www.ejbronchology.eg.net/text.asp?2014/8/1/57/137354


  Introduction Top


Foreign bodies (FBs) aspiration into the tracheobronchial tree is a common problem in children, necessitating prompt recognition and early management. A delay in the diagnosis and retention of FBs usually increases morbidity and mortality, ranging from fatal airway obstruction to recurrent cough or wheezing [1].

Before the 20th century, aspiration of a FB had a 24% mortality rate. With the development of modern bronchoscopy techniques, mortality has decreased markedly [2]. For many years, rigid bronchoscopy (RB) remained the mainstay procedure for FBs extraction because it facilitated control of the airway and ventilation, and because of the availability of different equipment for FBs extraction [3],[4].

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) has been used for several decades as a diagnostic modality of various respiratory disorders in children [3],[5]. However, its use for the extraction of airway FBs in children has been hampered by the small caliber of the suction channel and the lack of ancillary instruments available to grasp the airway FBs [3]. In recent years, several studies have reported the successful removal of FBs with the pediatric FOB [1],[4],[6].

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is used for ventilation and administration of anesthesia in children during FOB [7],[8]. Our review of the literature indicated a paucity of published data on the use of FOB through LMA in FBs extraction in children [3],[8],[9]. The large internal diameter of LMA compared with the endotracheal tube enables the use of larger external diameter FOB with the subsequent use of their FBs extraction ancillary tools [7],[8].

We have previously presented our Pulmonary Medicine Department experience with bronchoscopic FB extraction including an initial successful trial of FB extraction using FOB through LMA in only five patients [10]. With accumulated experience, the procedure has gradually become familiar and acceptable. Thus, it seems appropriate to evaluate the efficacy of FOB through LMA in pediatric FB extraction.


  Patients and methods Top


We prospectively recruited all children (≤16 years) who presented to or were referred to the Pulmonary Medicine Department, Ain Shams University Hospital, with a clinical suspicion of FB inhalation during the period between June 2012 and June 2013.

All the patients were subjected to FOB extraction of airway FBs through LMA performed under general anesthesia. RB was readily available for extraction of any FB that could not be removed by FOB through LMA.

The following data were collected for each case: age, sex, clinical presentations, duration of symptoms before bronchoscopy, radiology findings, the type and location of the FBs, ancillary instruments utilized, the success rate of FB extraction with FOB through LMA, need for RB extraction, and procedure-related complications.

In our practice, the bronchoscopist was assisted by an experienced team of two well-trained registered nurses, a bronchoscopy assistant, and two anesthesiologists. Informed consents were obtained from the patients' parents before the treatment. Approval was obtained from the local institutional board.

FOB through LMA in FB extraction

Choice of LMA and FOB

0The size of the LMA was chosen according to the patient's age, whereas the FOB was chosen according to its outer diameter such that it could pass easily into LMA as reported previously by Nussbaum et al. [5] and Kim et al.[11]. The size of LMA adjusted for appropriate FOB in our unit is shown in [Table 1]. [Figure 1] shows the different views of the LMA while passing the FOB inside it.
Figure 1:

Click here to view
Table 1: LMA size adjusted for appropriate fiberoptic bronchoscopy

Click here to view


Anesthesia

General anesthesia was administered by the anesthesiologist. Anesthesia was induced by a facemask using inhalation halothane 0.5-3%, followed by insertion of an intravenous cannula and administration of atropine 0.01 mg/kg, followed by insertion of LMA; then, anesthesia was continued with intravenous propofol 3-4 mg/kg. A skeletal muscle relaxant was administered, succinyl choline 0.5 mg/kg, followed by a postsuccinyl dose of atracurim 0.25 mg/kg. Hydrocortisone 1-2 mg/kg was administered to prevent laryngeal and vocal cord edema.

LMA application

Lubricated LMA was inserted orally until it was seated behind the larynx and the glottic opening was sealed by inflation of the cuff. When inserted correctly, the opening of the laryngeal mask is situated just in front of the vocal cords. A feeding tube may be inserted during the procedure to prevent abdominal distension.

FB extraction

The FOB was introduced through a bronchoscopy adapter (swivel) connected to LMA after general anesthesia was established. A 2% lidocaine solution, usually between 1 and 2 ml in volume, was selectively applied over the vocal cords through the bronchoscope to prevent laryngospasm. The patients were placed on a bronchoscopy table in a supine position. Bronchoscopic examination was first performed in a standard manner with a careful inspection of the airways until the location of the aspired FB was determined. Appropriate ancillary equipment were advanced carefully through the bronchoscope for FB extraction. The ancillary tools available included grasping forceps with covered tips, alligator-type grasping forceps, standard biopsy forceps, rat-toothed FB forceps, tripod-type forceps, and basket-type forceps. The FB was grasped and pulled out through the LMA and then the FOB, FB, and LMA were pulled out in toto. Once the FB was removed, the FOB was reintroduced once more to rule out another FB or residual fragments.

RB was only used to extract FB that could not be removed by FOB through LMA. The procedure was carried out under general anesthesia using a rigid pediatric bronchoscopic system with optical telescopes (Karl Storz Instruments, Tuttlingen, Germany) with variable calibers according to the age of the patient using extracting forceps to remove foreign objects.

Blood pressure, oxygen saturation, ECG, heart rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation were all monitored continuously and if the patients were hypoxic. Readjustment of the oxygen concentration and the procedure was stopped temporarily when necessary.


  Results Top


During the study period, 49 children underwent FOB because of the suspicion of FB aspiration. A total of 41 FBs were identified in 41 children, mean age 5.9 years (range: 9 months to 16 years); 70.7% (29 patients) of the patients were 7 years or below. The median duration between aspiration history and bronchoscopy in patients with FBs was 2 weeks (12 hours to 2 years). The characteristics of patients with airway FBs in terms of sex, age distribution, and time elapsed between aspiration and bronchoscopy are shown in [Table 2].
Table 2: Characteristics of patients with airway foreign bodies

Click here to view


All patients underwent chest radiograph before the FOB. Chest radiograph was normal in 34.1% of the patients. Different radiologic findings found in patients with airway FBs are shown in [Table 3] and [Figure 2].
Figure 2:

Click here to view
Table 3: Radiologic findings in patients with airway foreign bodies

Click here to view


Different types of FBs were removed [Figure 3]. The number of organic FBs removed was 31, in which seeds were the most common (60.9%). Nine inorganic FBs were removed, with scarf pin being the most common (9.7%). The most common location of FBs was the right main bronchus (34.1%), followed by the left lower lobe bronchus (21.9%). Anatomical locations and types of FBs found in patients are presented in [Table 4].
Figure 3:

Click here to view
Table 4: Types and anatomic location of foreign bodies

Click here to view


FOB through LMA successfully extracted 34 FBs of 41 FBs (82.9%) identified. FBs extraction was achieved uniquely using biopsy forceps, tripod forceps, and alligator-type grasping forceps in nine, eight, and eight cases, respectively [Figure 4], whereas more than one ancillary instrument was used in nine cases.
Figure 4:

Click here to view


Extraction of six of seven FBs that could not be removed by FOB through LMA was successful with the use of RB, all of which had a long duration of FB aspiration. One FB (scarf pin) could not be removed with both FOB and RB after several attempts because of a 4-week duration of FB aspiration and extensive granulation tissue, which precluded FB visualization by bronchoscopy. This patient eventually required a thoracotomy. All FBs were not urgently removed as none of our patients presented with signs of respiratory distress. All FBs removed were extracted at the first attempt and no second intervention was needed to remove FBs.

With the use of the FOB through LMA, the average time of the procedure was 15 min (range: 7-45 min). The average time of the procedure with the RB was 35 min (range: 20-95 min).

Complications encountered during or post-FOB through LMA were minor, non-life-threatening complications [Table 5]. Transient postbronchoscopy laryngeal edema was observed in five patients and resolved spontaneously within less than 8 h. Transient hypoxia developed in five patients that was alleviated by readjustment of the oxygen concentration or by temporary cessation of the procedure. Gastric distension occurred in four patients that required nasogastric tube insertion to decompress the stomach in two patients. Mild hemoptysis was reported in three patients and was controlled by the administration of endobronchial cold saline. Transient low-grade fever occurred within 24 h of the procedure (resolved spontaneously) in two patients.
Table 5: Complications during or after bronchoscopy retrieval of foreign bodies

Click here to view


A life-threatening complication was reported after RB in one patient. The patient developed post-RB stridor secondary to subglottic edema that necessitated nebulized epinephrine and intravenous dexamethasone. However, the patient required endotracheal tube intubation and ventilation for 8 h until stridor was relieved. There were no deaths among the cases studied.


  Discussion Top


This study shows that FOB through LMA is effective in the safe removal of nonasphyxiating pediatric airway FBs with minor, non-life-threatening complications, with the success rate reaching 83%.

Since the first bronchoscopy with a rigid esophagoscope performed by Killian in 1897 for FB removal [12], RB has remained the standard procedure for FB removal because of its advantage of a wide working channel and availability of required equipment for FB extraction [3,4]. In recent years, there have been notable reports of airway FB removal in adults and children, with FOB as the first choice [4],[13],[14],[15]. The issue that remains unresolved is the choice of the examination technique (flexible versus RB) in children with suspected FB aspiration. The technological advancements of flexible bronchoscopes and its ancillary tools as well as the increasing experience of flexible bronchoscopists encouraged FOB usage in pediatric FB extraction.

The choice of a rigid instrument in pediatrics is preferable under certain circumstances such as in asphyxiating FBs [16] in very young children as it offers optimal ventilation and instrumentation [17],[18], in FBs surrounded by scar and granulation tissue as a rigid forceps enables firmly grasp of the objects while pulling, rotating, or even pushing the impacted FBs [17], in very sharp-edged FBs that might damage the vocal cords [4],[17], and finally in FBs that are too large to be withdrawn through the FOB and passed through the glottis [4],[17]. However, a number of evidence-based clinical algorithms suggest that RB should be the first choice in all cases of asphyxia, radiopaque FBs, unilateral decreased breath sounds, obstructive emphysema, and significant mediastinal shift [14],[16],[19].

Compared with RB, FOB is a relatively less invasive, less costly, easy, and safe procedure in experienced hands and has many advantages in the therapeutic retrieval of FBs in children including distally wedged FBs [20], endogenous FB (mucus or blood plug) or special forms of FBs (powder or fluid) by vacuum aspiration or bronchoalveolar lavage [21], FBs in ICU and mechanically ventilated patients [4],[20], in the endobronchial management of FBs surroundings (through clearing local inflammatory secretion, local administration of drugs and investigation of postobstructive infection). Also, video imaging can provide a clear and magnified view and reduces the risk of residual FBs; repeat bronchoscopy can also be avoided [22]. In addition, FOB is recommended as the first-choice initial diagnostic procedure in equivocal suspected pediatric tracheobronchial FBs aspiration by the American Thoracic Society [23] because RB is associated with high negative (11-46%) initial diagnostic rates in such situations [24],[25].

A standard pediatric bronchoscope with a 3.6 mm external diameter and a 1.2 mm working channel when used in FB extraction has the following limitations: it requires a smaller diameter endotracheal tube (4.5 mm) that interferes considerably with ventilation and FBs retrieval forceps are too small to allow adequate grasping of foreign objects. Thus, this bronchoscope plays a very limited role in FB removal, except in highly skilled hands [4],[26].

We have exclusively used FOB through LMA in FB extraction in pediatrics since our previous report in 2010 including five cases [10]. In the current study, we used LMA because of the following advantages: its comparatively large internal diameter allows the use of the FOB without a significant increase in airway resistance with efficient ventilation through the procedure compared with an endotracheal tube, the FB can be removed during the same setting with FOB without the need to shift to RB, the narrow nasal passages can be bypassed by the LMA introduced through the mouth, and an adult flexible bronchoscope can be used with a larger working channel, allowing a wide variety of larger FB forceps and tools, leading to firm adequate grasping of foreign objects [7],[8]. The previously mentioned advantages of FOB in pediatric FB removal should be considered with the advantages of LMA in the evaluation of this technique.

In most cases, the pediatric patient does not tolerate bronchoscopy while alert [26]. Our anesthetists are concerned about the use of 'conscious sedation' in children; however, in many centers in the USA, cost factors and limited access to operating theaters have led to a preference for sedation and local anesthesia [26],[27]. Thus, in the present study, we used general anesthesia during the procedure as it provides better control of the airway [26], offers adequate muscle relaxation, thus enabling easy introduction of the bronchoscope, steady bronchial caliber throughout the procedure, reduced likelihood of loss of the FB from the forceps during the removal [28], and the possibility to shift to the use of RB whenever needed [26].

In this study, more than half of the patients with airway FBs were younger than 3 years of age (53%); the majority were males (68%). FBs were more often lodged in the right bronchial tree than in the left bronchial tree (48 vs. 38%) and with a clear predominance of objects of organic origin (75.6%), mainly seeds (60.9%). These findings are in agreement with those of various other previous studies [10],[29],[30],[31].

The technique of FB retrieval in the current study included different types of FBs, even an FB as challenging as a rosary bead [32]. However, an earlier report used this method only to extract watermelon seeds in five cases [8].

Radiologic findings in aspirated FBs are variable [33]. Chest radiographs were completely normal in 34.1% of the current cases studied. Similar findings were obtained in which between 10 and 40% of patients with endoscopically confirmed aspirated FBs did not have abnormalities in their chest radiographs [19],[33],[34].

The average success rate of FB removal using FOB in 457 adults during the 1970s to the 1990s was 83.6% (61-97%) [20], whereas success rates of 91.3, 100.0, and 91.3% were retrospectively recorded in 23, 24, and 938, children, respectively, who underwent flexible bronchoscopic FB extraction [1],[3],[4]. In our unit, we prospectively used FOB through LMA in FB extraction in pediatrics with a success rate of 82.9%.

If flexible bronchoscopy fails, RB is the next step. Extraction of six of seven FBs with long history of aspiration that could not be removed by FOB through LMA was successful with the use of RB. Thus, pulmonologists who are interested in FB removal should be trained in the use of RB with the possibility to shift from the use of flexible to RB whenever necessary as an ultimate weapon for FB retrieval [17].

Most bronchoscopic extractions of FBs, if performed appropriately, result in minimal to mild complications and negligible or no mortality related to bronchoscopy itself [35]. There were no significant complications related to FOB through LMA, all of which were alleviated rapidly. However, a critical post-RB stridor was reported in one patient. It must be noted that complications can and do occur even with RB [14],[19],[25],[34],[36].

The study has certain limitations. None of our patients underwent nonasphyxiating or nonemergency tracheobronchial FB aspiration. Also, the mean age of the patients studied was relatively high (5.9 years). These limitations may have influenced our results.

In conclusion, LMA is a safe and effective adjunct to FOB under general anesthesia in pediatric FB retrieval, allowing the use of an adult-size bronchoscope with minimal complications. FOB through LMA could be considered as the first choice for the removal of nonasphyxiating airway FBs, with ready availability of skilled personnel and suitable equipment to immediately proceed with rigid bronchoscopic extraction if flexible bronchoscopy fails. Further prospective studies should be carried out to determine whether it should be a first choice in all cases of nonasphyxiating airway FBs.


  Acknowledgements Top


The authors thank Emad Korraa, MD, Professor of Pulmonary Medicine and Head of Bronchoscopy Unit at Ain Shams University Hospital, for his assistance.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.Ramrez-Figueroa J, Gochicoa-Rangel L, Ramrez-San Juan D, Vargas M. Foreign body removal by flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in infants and children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2005; 40 :392-397.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2. Kramer T, Riding K, Salkeld L. Tracheobronchial and esophageal foreign bodies in the pediatric population. J Otolaryngol 1986; 15 :355.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3. Swanson K, Prakash U, Midthun D, Edell E, Utz J, McDougall J, et al. Flexible bronchoscopic management of airway foreign bodies in children. Chest 2002; 121 :1695-1700.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4. Tang L, Xu Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Zhu G, Bao X, et al. Airway foreign body removal by flexible bronchoscopy experience with 1027 children during 2000-2008. World J Pediatr 2009; 5 :191-195.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5. Nussbaum E, Zagnoev M. Pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscopy with a laryngeal mask airway. Chest 2001; 120 :614-616.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6. Karakoc F, Cakir E, Ersu R, Uyan ZS, Colak B, Karadag B, et al. Late diagnosis of foreign body aspiration in children with chronic respiratory symptoms. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71 :241-246.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7. Baraka A, Choueiry P, Medawwar A. The laryngeal mask airway for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children. Pediatr Anesth 1995; 5 :197-198.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8. Yazbeck-Karam V, Aouad M, Baraka A. Laryngeal mask airway for ventilation during diagnostic and interventional fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children. Pediatr Anesth 2003; 13 :691-694.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9. Avital A, Gozal D, Uwyyed K, Springer C. Retrieval of aspirated foreign bodies in children using a flexible bronchoscope and a laryngeal mask airway. J Bronchol 2002; 9 :6-9.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.Korraa E, Madkour A, Wagieh K, Nafae A. Bronchoscopic foreign body extraction in a pulmonary medicine department: A retrospective review of Egyptian experience. J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol 2010; 17 :39-44.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.Kim J, Chang C, Nam Y. Intubation through a laryngeal mask airway by fiberoptic bronchoscope in an Infant with a mass at the base of the tongue. Korean J Anesthesiol 2008; 54 :3.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.Killian G. Meeting of the Society of Physicians of Freiburg Dec 17, 1897. Münch Med Wochenschr 1989; 45 :378.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.Swanson K. Airway foreign bodies: what′s new? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 25 :405-411.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.Hilliard T, Sim R, Saunders M, Hewer SL, Henderson J. Delayed diagnosis of foreign body aspiration in children. Emerg Med J 2003; 20 :100-101.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.Wong KS, Lai SH, Lien R, Hsia SH. Retrieval of bronchial foreign body with central lumen using a flexible bronchoscope. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2002; 62 :253-256.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.Martinot A. Indications for flexible versus rigid bronchoscopy in children with suspected foreign-body aspiration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155 :1676−1679.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.Nakhosteen J. Tracheobronchial foreign bodies. Eur Respir J 1994; 7 :429-430.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.Jiaqiang S, Jingwu S, Yanming H, Qiuping L, Yinfeng W, Cinaguang L, et al. Rigid bronchoscopy for inhaled pen caps in children. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44 :1708-1711.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.Cohen S, Avital A, Godfrey S, Gross M, Kerem E, Springer C. Suspected foreign body inhalation in children: what are the indications for bronchoscopy? J Pediatr 2009; 155 :276−280.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.Dikensoy O, Usalan C, Filiz A. Foreign body aspiration: clinical utility of flexible Bronchoscopy. Postgrad Med J 2002; 78 :399-403.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.Shah M, Bent J, Vicencio A, Veler H, Arens R, Parikh S. Flexible bronchoscopy and interdisciplinary collaboration in pediatric large airway disease. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 72 :1771-1776.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.Yang CC, Lee KS. Comparison of direct vision and video imaging during bronchoscopy for pediatric airway foreign bodies. Ear Nose Throat J 2003; 82 :129-133.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.Green C, Eisenberg J, Leong A, et al. Flexible endoscopy of the pediatric airway. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145 :233-235.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.Righini CA, Morel N, Karkas A, et al. What is the diagnostic value of flexible bronchoscopy in the initial investigation of children with suspected foreign body aspiration? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71 :1383-1390.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.Farrell P. Rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal: anesthesia and ventilation. Pediatr Anaesth 2004; 14 :84-89.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.Masters I, Cooper P. Paediatric flexible bronchoscopy. A position paper of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health 2002; 38 :555-559.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.Tobias JD. Sedation and anaesthesia for pediatric bronchoscope. Curr Opin Pediatr 1997; 9 :198-206.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.Shivakumar A, Prashanth K, Yogesh B, Ashok S. Preferred anaesthetic technique for tracheobronchial foreign body- a otolaryngologist′s perspective. Indian J Anaesth 2004; 48 :145-147.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.Ashoor A, Baraka M, Kholania E. Foreign bodies in pediatric tracheobronchial tree. Saudi Med J 1987; 5 :481-486.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.Mahmood K, Al-Ghamdi S. Retrospective review of foreign body inhalation in the Asir region. Ann Saudi Med 1997; 17 :654-655.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.Zhijun C, Fugao Z, Niankai Z, Jingjing C. Therapeutic experience from 1428 patients with pediatric tracheobronchial foreign body. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43 :718−721.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.Ahmad N, Ullah I, Javaid M, Khattak M. Bead in tracheobronchial tree: a Therapeutic challenge. J Postgrade Med Inst 2006; 20 :252-254.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.Swedstrom E, Puhakka H, Hero P. How accurate is chest radiography in the diagnosis of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children? Pediatr Radiol 1989; 19 :520.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.Zerella J, Dimler M, McGill L, Pippus K. Foreign body aspiration in children: Value of radiography and complications of bronchoscopy. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33 :1651−1654.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.Prakash U. Interventional pulmonology in other journals: commentary on selected publications. Bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies from children in Bosnia and Herzegovina: experience with 230 patients. J Bronchol 2002; 9 :71-72.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.Sharma S, Amata A. Foreign body aspiration in children - a report of five cases. West Indian Med J 2010; 59 :717-721.  Back to cited text no. 36
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Patients and methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed2575    
    Printed68    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded184    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]